Effectiveness of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act Essay

Effectiveness of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act - Essay Example Most parties have solicited for money from different sources, including corporations and individuals. However, a ban on â€Å"soft money† in 2002 brought changes in the role of money in political campaigns. This paper addresses the objectives and consequences of BCRA, and its effectiveness or ineffectiveness, basing on a variety of events in the political arena today. The main objectives of the BCRA are to restrict the use of corporate and union funds in federal elections, and control of communication in electioneering. Therefore, a ban on â€Å"soft money† and the controlled political advertisements are major concerns of BCRA. This is all in an effort to regulate the escalating cost of campaigns, and reduce corruption in electioneering. Wallison & Gora (2009) argue that raising of large sums of money by candidates has a corrupting influence in politics, and on the candidates’ policies. The opponents of this reform however, argue that large amounts of money are n eeded to fund the candidates’ campaign expenditures, as well as to hold meaningful political debates at the national level. Whether this law is seen in negative or positive light, what remains is that it has changed the way politics are played in America today. Smith argues that political parties need more money, and not less, in their campaigns. He also considers the electioneering communication restriction in BCRA as a violation of constitutional right of freedom of expression (Smith, 2003). The greatest determinant of the effectiveness of the BCRA is the emerging role of non-profit groups in the post BCRA political environment. The 2004 campaign was the first to be under the influence of BCRA. It is evident that the BCRA did not make political parties starve due to lack of finances. Surprisingly, the national political parties raised more hard money in 2003, than they did in both soft and hard money in 1999. The Democratic and Republican parties raised a sum of $371 millio n in hard money alone in the first year of post BCRA era, as compared to $266 million, a sum of both hard and soft money in the 2000 campaign period, before the BCRA. Today, the Republican Party raises more hard money than the Democratic Party. Nonetheless, both parties have increased their sum of hard money raised over years past the BCRA. Due to the restrictions by BCRA, Political Parties have maximized their money raising capabilities from the PACs and from individuals. This shows that the BCRA has not been effective in regulating the amount of money political parties acquire for their campaigns. BCRA’s restriction on soft money has made parties go for an alternative of hard money, which the parties can source from unrestricted sources. Political Parties today have turned to a large numbers of small donors, rather than a small number of large soft money (Malbin, 2003) BCRA has seen a significant reduction of soft money spent in electioneering. Different analyses have shown that today in the post BCRA era, it is quite hard to make soft money contributions. Today, there are no links between the electioneering non-profit groups, officeholders, and candidates. Before the BCRA, party officials directly connected the large soft money contributors and the public officials in whom they were interested. Soft money contributions were offered in exchange for access to officeholders and candidates. This situation served as the grounds for the U.S Supreme Court to ban soft money.

Compare and Contrast Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Compare and Contrast - Research Paper Example This paper is a comparison of two Islamic arts: The Great Mosque of Cordoba in Spain and the Mamluk Glass Oil Lamp. Enameled as well as gilded glass lamps were custom-made in big numbers for most Cairo built mosques by Mamluk Sultans as well as their Amirs. Lamp donation was contemplated as respectful act towards God. Such an act connects to a Koran text that explains that God is the Heaven’s as well as Earth’s light. This verse explains further that the light of God happens to resemble a niche within which one can find a lamp. This lamp is glass made while the glass resembles a brilliant star. The Mosque lamp also is decorated using bold encryption frieze that contains Sayf al-Din Shaykhu al-Nasiri’s names as well as title, also his heraldic device that joins a red cap is situated at the roundels center on the neck as well as the lamp’s underside. The wealth as well as influence of Shykhu made him a Cairo’s significant art as well as architecture patron (Over 11 Mosque lamps that are inscribed similarly. It is most likely that these are from the mosque of Shayk hu at Citadel’s foot in Cairo that got completed in the year 1349 as well as taken as among its time’s finest (British Museum). The great Mosque of Cordoba which is as well known as Mezquita, is among the Islamic civilization Jewels. Unlike the malmuk lamps that were of the 14th century, the temple was began in during the 8th century by the Emir Abd al-Rahman I, in the year 745, added in the year 833 by   Abd al-Rahman II and in the 10th century ended by the Vizier  al-Mansur and al-Hakam II. The most decorative as well as striking of the 4 phases is the one by al-Hakam that contains the mirhab (niche within the wall that faces Mecca) ( Khan Academy). The great mosque’s growth was a symbol of the increasing power of the city and came in hand with population growth hence need for